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Pensions Guide: Private Pensions
By Benedict Rohan
It’s now unlikely that the state pension will be enough to keep you
living comfortably when you retire. It provides only basic support, and
the government itself is keen to encourage people to save as much as
they can to supplement their state pension and give themselves a
comfortable income in retirement. Combined with better health in the
general population – meaning longer life expectancies – and dwindling
stock market returns over the last decade or so, the so-called ‘pension
crisis’ is a call to action for people to plan their finances carefully
and put more and more cash aside to ensure a safe and secure future for
themselves.
This article is the second of two guides examining the fundamentals of
pensions. The first guide focuses on state pension provision, while
this one outlines some of the possibilities for making personal pension
arrangements. They are intended for information only and do not
constitute financial advice. It is recommended that you speak to a
fainancial advice for professional advice on planning your finances for
retirement.
Saving for the future
There are lots of ways in which you can save for the future – savings
accounts, stocks and shares and property investment, for example.
However, all of these are subject to tax. Pension schemes are much more
tax-efficient as tax relief is given on contributions made and the
income they provide during retirement is tax-free. This is why pensions
are a common way of saving for retirement.
There are two main types of personal pensions – final salary and money
purchase. The first can only be provided through occupational schemes,
but the second can be purchased privately on an individual basis.
Final salary
Final salary schemes, also known as defined benefit schemes, provide a
guaranteed income based on a percentage of salary earned during your
final year of work as well as length of service with the company. It’s
possible to retire on up to two thirds of your final salary.
As it guarantees to provide a certain level of income, it’s often
considered to be the best type of pension scheme available. However,
there has been a decline in the number of employers offering final
salary schemes in the last few years because of the expense of
maintaining them. Falls in the stock market have seen many pension
investment funds drop drastically in value, meaning that the employer
must make up the difference in order to provide the guaranteed income
to the scheme’s members. Another expense for employers with final
salary schemes is the 10% tax levied on dividends, a measure introduced
by the government in 1997, which again can have a detrimental impact on
the size of pension funds.
Money purchase
With money purchase schemes, also know as ‘defined contribution’ plans,
members make payments into a fund which is then invested into the stock
market. On retirement, the accumulated funds are used to buy what’s
called an annuity, which provides a regular retirement income. The
amount you’ll receive in retirement isn’t guaranteed – it depends on
how well the stock market has performed and on annuity rates at the
time that you take out your annuity. Whereas final salary pensions put
the burden of risk on the employer, who must make up the amount to a
guaranteed level, it’s the member who’s responsible for the risk of a
shortfall in money purchase schemes. Members may therefore need to save
more cash independently to ensure they’ll have a comfortable retirement.
You’ll have some flexibility to choose what funds your money is
invested
in, and your decisions will depend on your attitude to risk.
Higher risk investments can provide much greater potential returns, but
at the same time can also make the biggest losses. ‘Safer’ investments
will reduce the risk of losses but will not be likely to yield as big
returns as higher risk investments.
Annuities
An annuity is a fixed, regular amount of money paid to someone, usually
for the rest of their life, which is purchased using a lump sum from a
pension fund, for example. It’s invested in the stock market, usually
in funds considered to be safe. Annuity rates have plummeted in the
last decade, meaning that many people are now expecting lower annuity
incomes and are having to change their retirement plans. However, there
are various different options when it comes to annuities. Members
aren’t obliged to take out the annuity offered by their own scheme –
they can use their accumulated pension funds to buy an annuity from any
annuity provider on the open market, where they may be able to get a
better rate. It’s also possible to take up to 25% of the pension fund
as a tax-free cash lump sum, leaving the other 75% to purchase an
annuity. A third option is to take out a short-term annuity of up to
five years to keep your pension invested for a little longer in the
hope that it will increase in value to allow you to purchase a better
lifetime annuity further down the line. Another way of delaying taking
out an annuity is to receive an income directly from your pension fund,
keeping it invested in the hope of gaining higher returns to sustain
the income received. However, the value of the funds could fall just as
easily as they could rise, which may leave you worse off. This option
is known as an ‘unsecured pension using income withdrawal’. Finally,
it’s possible not to purchase an annuity at all and instead receive an
income directly from your pension fund from the age of 75 with an
‘alternative secured pension’. Before 2006 it was a legal requirement
to purchase an annuity from pension funds by the age of 75, but the law
changed to allow people over 75 to receive this type of income instead,
although the total amount of income that can be drawn down from it is
70% of a lifetime annuity. It’s intended for people who are opposed to
purchasing annuities on ethical grounds as a result of their religious
beliefs.
Stakeholder schemes
Stakeholder pensions were set up by the government in 2001 with the aim
of facilitating access to personal pensions for people whose employers
don’t run occupational schemes. As with money purchase plans,
stakeholder pensions invest in the stock market, bonds and cash savings
accounts and accumulate funds which are used to purchase an annuity
upon retirement. They’re designed to be easy to understand, flexible
and lower cost than other pension plans. The maximum charge that
administrators will be able to charge each year for managing the funds
is 1% of the value of the fund, and they cannot charge penalties if
members wish to transfer cash in or out or stop contributing. However,
there’s a limit to the amount that can be invested, so they’re designed
for people on low to middle incomes rather than high earners.
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